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Turkish tambur
:''For other uses, see Tanbur (disambiguation).''
The Tambur (spelled in keeping with TDK conventions) is a fretted string instrument of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. Like the ney, the armudi (lit. pear-shaped) kemençe and the kudüm, it constitutes one of the four instruments of the basic quartet of Turkish classical music aka ''Türk Sanat Müziği'' (lit. Turkish Artistic Music). Of the two variants, one is played with a plectrum (''mızraplı tambur'') and the other with a bow (''yaylı tambur''). The player is called a ''tamburî''.
==History and development==
There are several hypotheses as to the origin of the instrument. One suggests that it descended from the kopuz, a string instrument still in use among the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and the Caspian region.〔ÖZKAN, İsmail Hakkı, ''Türk Mûsıkîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri'', Ötüken Neşriyat : Istanbul (Turkey), 2000 (6th Edition).〕 The name itself derives from the ''tanbur'' (tunbur). Tanbur in turn might have descended from the Sumerian ''pantur''. The name (and its variants such as ''tamboura'', ''dombura'') also denotes a wide spectrum of pear-shaped string instruments in Persia and Central Asia yet these share only their names with the Ottoman court instrument and in fact are more akin to bağlamas or sazes. In ancient Hittite texts, we come across a string instrument called ''tibula'', which is most likely to have been the ancestor of the Ottoman court instrument via Byzantine ''tambouras''. This latter hypothesis could also account for the favor the instrument received in the Ottoman court vis-à-vis its rival, the oud. As of the 17th century, the tanbur had already taken its present form and structure and assumed the preponderant role it still holds in Classical Turkish Music performance.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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